Debian 10.12 es va publicar el 26 de març de 2022. Debian 10.0 es va publicar inicialment el 6 de juliol de 2019.

Aquesta pàgina conté la quarta part de la descripció detallada del procés d'actualització a Debian 10.12 “buster”.

Instal·lo ntop-ng en substitució de ntop que no para de donar missatges d'error.

# more /var/log/apt/history.log
...
Start-Date: 2022-08-09  11:10:03
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Install: node-html5shiv:amd64 (3.7.3+dfsg-2, automatic), libjs-rickshaw:amd64 (1.5.1.dfsg-2, automatic), fonts-font-awesome:amd64 (5.0.10+really4.7.0~dfsg-1, automatic), libjs-jquery-tablesorter:amd64 (1:2.31.1+
dfsg1-1, automatic), lua-cjson:amd64 (2.1.0+dfsg-2.1, automatic), ntopng-doc:amd64 (3.8+dfsg1-2.1), fping:amd64 (4.2-1, automatic), fonts-glyphicons-halflings:amd64 (1.009~3.4.1+dfsg-1, automatic), fonts-roboto-
slab:amd64 (1.100263+20170512-1, automatic), libjs-d3:amd64 (3.5.17-2, automatic), sphinx-rtd-theme-common:amd64 (0.4.3+dfsg-1, automatic), redis-tools:amd64 (5:5.0.14-1+deb10u2, automatic), librrd8:amd64 (1.7.1
-2, automatic), sntop:amd64 (1.4.3-4+b2), liblua5.1-0:amd64 (5.1.5-8.1+b2, automatic), libjs-bootstrap:amd64 (3.4.1+dfsg-1, automatic), libjemalloc2:amd64 (5.1.0-3, automatic), fonts-lato:amd64 (2.0-2, automatic
), ntopng:amd64 (3.8+dfsg1-2.1), libmaxminddb0:amd64 (1.3.2-1+deb10u1, automatic), libndpi2.6:amd64 (2.6-3, automatic), libwireshark-data:amd64 (2.6.20-0+deb10u3, automatic), libjs-modernizr:amd64 (2.6.2+ds1-3, 
automatic), libjs-jquery-metadata:amd64 (12-1.1, automatic), redis-server:amd64 (5:5.0.14-1+deb10u2, automatic), ntopng-data:amd64 (3.8+dfsg1-2.1, automatic), libjs-jquery-form:amd64 (12-1.1, automatic)
Purge: ntop:amd64 (3:5.0.1+dfsg1-2.1), ntop-data:amd64 (3:5.0.1+dfsg1-2.1)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  11:11:08

L'aplicació és accessible a través de http://localhost:3000 només des del servidor.

Instal·lo l'escriptori “Mate” perquè és més lleuger que Gnome i consumeix menys recursos:

# more /var/log/apt/history.log
...
Start-Date: 2022-08-09  13:45:57
Commandline: apt install mate-desktop-environment
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Install: mate-settings-daemon:amd64 (1.20.4-1, automatic), mate-utils-common:amd64 (1.20.2-3, automatic), libffmpegthumbnailer4v5:amd64 (2.1.1-0.2+b1, automatic), gtk2-engines:amd64 (1:2.20.2-5, automatic), ffmp
egthumbnailer:amd64 (2.1.1-0.2+b1, automatic), mate-polkit-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), pluma-common:amd64 (1.20.4-1, automatic), gvfs-backends:amd64 (1.38.1-5, automatic), libmtp9:amd64 (1.1.16-2, automa
tic), mate-utils:amd64 (1.20.2-3, automatic), mate-desktop-environment:amd64 (1.20.0+5), libmate-slab0:amd64 (1.20.4-2, automatic), debian-mate-default-settings:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), gir1.2-pluma-1.0:amd6
4 (1.20.4-1, automatic), caja-common:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), mate-system-monitor:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), atril:amd64 (1.20.3-1+deb10u1, automatic), engrampa-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libmarco
-private1:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), python-mate-menu:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), mate-applet-brisk-menu:amd64 (0.5.0-9, automatic), libxpresent1:amd64 (1.0.0-2+b10, automatic), libmate-desktop-2-17:amd64 (1.
20.4-2, automatic), libjs-mathjax:amd64 (2.7.4+dfsg-1, automatic), mate-system-monitor-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), mate-session-manager:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), eom:amd64 (1.20.2-2, automatic), mate-
panel:amd64 (1.20.5-1, automatic), libiw30:amd64 (30~pre9-13, automatic), mate-desktop-common:amd64 (1.20.4-2, automatic), libcdio-cdda2:amd64 (10.2+0.94+2-4, automatic), fonts-mathjax:amd64 (2.7.4+dfsg-1, autom
atic), mate-polkit:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), librda0:amd64 (0.0.5-1, automatic), libmatekbd-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), mate-control-center:amd64 (1.20.4-2, automatic), librda-common:amd64 (0.0.5-1, a
utomatic), mate-media-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), mate-icon-theme-faenza:amd64 (1.20.0+dfsg1-2, automatic), mate-power-manager-common:amd64 (1.20.3-2, automatic), menu-xdg:amd64 (0.6, automatic), mate-ap
plets-common:amd64 (1.20.3-2, automatic), marco:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), gtk2-engines-murrine:amd64 (0.98.2-2+deb10u1, automatic), mate-screensaver-common:amd64 (1.20.3-3, automatic), mate-desktop-environmen
t-core:amd64 (1.20.0+5, automatic), mate-media:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), caja:amd64 (1.20.3-1+b1, automatic), mate-settings-daemon-common:amd64 (1.20.4-1, automatic), libcdio-paranoia2:amd64 (10.2+0.94+2-4, a
utomatic), mate-power-manager:amd64 (1.20.3-2, automatic), libmtp-runtime:amd64 (1.1.16-2, automatic), mate-icon-theme:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), mate-desktop:amd64 (1.20.4-2, automatic), libmatemixer0:amd64 (
1.20.1-1, automatic), mate-terminal:amd64 (1.20.2-2, automatic), libmate-menu2:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), gtk2-engines-pixbuf:amd64 (2.24.32-3, automatic), eom-common:amd64 (1.20.2-2, automatic), mate-notifica
tion-daemon:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libmateweather-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1+deb10u1, automatic), mate-themes:amd64 (3.22.18-1, automatic), atril-common:amd64 (1.20.3-1+deb10u1, automatic), libmateweather1:amd
64 (1.20.2-1+deb10u1, automatic), mate-menus:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libmate-panel-applet-4-1:amd64 (1.20.5-1, automatic), mate-user-guide:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libnfs12:amd64 (3.0.0-2, automatic), l
ibmatekbd4:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libatrilview3:amd64 (1.20.3-1+deb10u1, automatic), libpeas-1.0-python2loader:amd64 (1.22.0-4, automatic), mate-terminal-common:amd64 (1.20.2-2, automatic), pluma:amd64 (1.
20.4-1, automatic), engrampa:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), libmate-window-settings1:amd64 (1.20.4-2, automatic), libmatemixer-common:amd64 (1.20.1-1, automatic), mate-panel-common:amd64 (1.20.5-1, automatic), lib
atrildocument3:amd64 (1.20.3-1+deb10u1, automatic), mate-notification-daemon-common:amd64 (1.20.2-1, automatic), mate-screensaver:amd64 (1.20.3-3, automatic), libcpufreq0:amd64 (008-1.1, automatic), libmtp-commo
n:amd64 (1.1.16-2, automatic), mate-backgrounds:amd64 (1.20.0-2, automatic), mate-calc:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), libcaja-extension1:amd64 (1.20.3-1+b1, automatic), mate-control-center-common:amd64 (1.20.4-2, 
automatic), marco-common:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), mate-calc-common:amd64 (1.20.3-1, automatic), libmatedict6:amd64 (1.20.2-3, automatic), mate-applets:amd64 (1.20.3-2, automatic)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  13:48:24

i canvio la selecció de l'escriptori amb la comand # update-alternatives –config x-session-manager.

Llavors, tanco la sessió actual i reinicio el servidor per aplicar els canvis.

Desinstal·lo l'escriptori “Gnome” perquè consumeix molts recursos, fins i tot en la seva configuració clàssica:

# more /var/log/apt/history.log
...
Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:14:22
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Purge: gnome-color-manager:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-flashback-common:amd64 (3.30.0-3), gnome-control-center-data:amd64 (1:3.30.3-2~deb10u1), gnome-power-manager:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-contacts:amd64 (3.30.2-1), 
gnome-session:amd64 (3.30.1-2), gnome-applets-data:amd64 (3.30.0-3), libgnome2-bin:amd64 (2.32.1-5+b1), gnome-control-center:amd64 (1:3.30.3-2~deb10u1), gnome-chess:amd64 (1:3.30.1-1), gnome-dictionary:amd64 (3.
26.1-5), chrome-gnome-shell:amd64 (10.1-5), gnome-mime-data:amd64 (2.18.0-2), gnome-games:amd64 (1:3.30+1), gnome-klotski:amd64 (1:3.22.3-3), gnome-icon-theme:amd64 (3.12.0-3), gnome-packagekit:amd64 (3.30.0-1),
 gnome-orca:amd64 (3.30.1-1), gnome-mahjongg:amd64 (1:3.22.0-4), gnome-screenshot:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-packagekit-data:amd64 (3.30.0-1), gnome-panel-data:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-online-miners:amd64 (3.30.0-2)
, gdebi:amd64 (0.9.5.7+nmu3), gnome-disk-utility:amd64 (3.30.2-3), gnome-font-viewer:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-calculator:amd64 (3.30.1-2), alacarte:amd64 (3.11.91-4), libgnome2-0:amd64 (2.32.1-5+b1), gnome-panel:
amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-icon-theme-extras:amd64 (3.12.0-1), libgnome-2-0:amd64 (2.32.1-5+b1), gnome-online-accounts:amd64 (3.30.1-2), gnome-nettool:amd64 (3.8.1-3), gnome-screensaver:amd64 (3.6.1-10), gnome-appl
ets:amd64 (3.30.0-3), gnome-nibbles:amd64 (1:3.24.1-2), libgnomevfs2-common:amd64 (1:2.24.4-6.1), gnome-flashback:amd64 (3.30.0-3), gnome-mines:amd64 (1:3.30.1.1-2), libgnomevfs2-0:amd64 (1:2.24.4-6.1+b2), gnome
-documents:amd64 (3.31.92-1), gnome-session-flashback:amd64 (3.30.0-3), gnome-robots:amd64 (1:3.22.3-3), libgnomevfs2-extra:amd64 (1:2.24.4-6.1+b2), gnome-menus:amd64 (3.31.4-3)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:15:08

Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:24:57
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Remove: libfolks-eds25:amd64 (0.11.4-1+b2), seahorse:amd64 (3.30.1.1-1), cheese:amd64 (3.31.90-1), evolution-plugin-bogofilter:amd64 (3.30.5-1.1), nautilus:amd64 (3.30.5-2), evolution-plugin-pstimport:amd64 (3.3
0.5-1.1), evolution-plugins:amd64 (3.30.5-1.1), libevolution:amd64 (3.30.5-1.1), evolution:amd64 (3.30.5-1.1)
Purge: gnome-system-monitor:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-sudoku:amd64 (1:3.30.0-2), gnome-software:amd64 (3.30.6-5), gnome-sushi:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-taquin:amd64 (3.30.0-2), gnome-system-log:amd64 (3.9.90-8), gno
me-software-common:amd64 (3.30.6-5)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:25:13

Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:25:50
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Purge: gnome-tweak-tool:amd64 (3.30.2-1), gnome-tetravex:amd64 (1:3.22.0-3)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:25:53

Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:26:12
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Purge: gnome-video-effects:amd64 (0.4.3-3), gnome-tweaks:amd64 (3.30.2-1), gnome-user-share:amd64 (3.28.0-2)
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:26:15
...

Desinstal·lo els programes que no tenen sentit i no es fan servir en un servidor: gimp, inkscape, libreoffice, etc.

Després, des de synaptic desinstal·lo tots els paquets òrfens (la majoria són llibreries que ja no fa servir cap programa) i finalment executo apt autoremove:

# more /var/log/apt/history.log
...
Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:27:10
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Purge: libgoa-backend-1.0-1:amd64 (3.30.1-2), gir1.2-gdata-0.0:amd64 (0.17.9-3) ...
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:27:25

Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:27:40
Commandline: /usr/sbin/synaptic
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Purge: libzapojit-0.0-0:amd64 (0.0.3-5), gir1.2-rest-0.7:amd64 (0.8.1-1), ...
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:27:48

Start-Date: 2022-08-09  14:28:49
Commandline: apt autoremove
Requested-By: sermnadmin (1000)
Remove: libmono-system-numerics4.0-cil:amd64 (5.18.0.240+dfsg-3), ...
End-Date: 2022-08-09  14:30:47

Els paquets unattended-upgrades i apt-listchanges ja estan instal·lats però cal configurar-los i activar-los.

Activo la descàrrega automàtica de paquets

# dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades

(respondre [YES])

Creating config file /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades with new version

# cat 20auto-upgrades 
APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "1";

Configuració d'unattended-upgrades:

nano -c /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades

⋮
// Send email to this address for problems or packages upgrades
// If empty or unset then no email is sent, make sure that you
// have a working mail setup on your system. A package that provides
// 'mailx' must be installed. E.g. "user@example.com"
Unattended-Upgrade::Mail "root";
⋮
// Automatically reboot *WITHOUT CONFIRMATION* if
// the file /var/run/reboot-required is found after the upgrade
Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot "false";
⋮
// Enable logging to syslog. Default is False
Unattended-Upgrade::SyslogEnable "true";

// Specify syslog facility. Default is daemon
Unattended-Upgrade::SyslogFacility "daemon";
⋮

Configuració d'apt-listchanges:

# nano -c /etc/apt/listchanges.conf

[apt]
frontend=pager
email_address=root
confirm=0
save_seen=/var/lib/apt/listchanges.db
which=news
email_format=text
headers=false
reverse=false

Activo el servei amb l'opció “download-only” que descarrega les actualitzacions però no les instal·la automàticament:

# unattended-upgrades --help
Usage: unattended-upgrades [options]

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -d, --debug           print debug messages
  --apt-debug           make apt/libapt print verbose debug messages
  -v, --verbose         print info messages
  --dry-run             Simulation, download but do not install
  --download-only       Only download, do not even try to install.
  --minimal-upgrade-steps
                        Upgrade in minimal steps (and allow interrupting with
                        SIGTERM) (default)
  --no-minimal-upgrade-steps
                        Upgrade in minimal steps (and allow interrupting with
                        SIGTERM
root@sermnserver:/etc/apt/apt.conf.d# unattended-upgrades --download-only

i faig un simulacre per confirmar que funciona,

# unattended-upgrade --dry-run

# grep unattended-upgrade daemon.log
Aug 10 12:31:37 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: Enabled logging to syslog via daemon facility 
Aug 10 12:31:37 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: Initial blacklist : 
Aug 10 12:31:37 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: Initial whitelist: 
Aug 10 12:31:37 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: Starting unattended upgrades script
Aug 10 12:31:37 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: Allowed origins are: origin=Debian,codename=buster,label=Debian, origin=Debian,codename=buster,label=Debian-Security
Aug 10 12:31:39 sermnserver unattended-upgrade: No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals

# cat unattended-upgrades.log 
2022-08-10 12:31:37,271 INFO Enabled logging to syslog via daemon facility 
2022-08-10 12:31:37,280 INFO Initial blacklist : 
2022-08-10 12:31:37,281 INFO Initial whitelist: 
2022-08-10 12:31:37,281 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2022-08-10 12:31:37,281 INFO Allowed origins are: origin=Debian,codename=buster,label=Debian, origin=Debian,codename=buster,label=Debian-Security
2022-08-10 12:31:39,064 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals

• Unattended Upgrades a Debian Wiki.
• Unattended upgrades in Debian – confirm blog
• linux - Can Ubuntu Unattended Upgrades be configured to download only? - Server Fault
• linux - unattended-upgrades Download-Upgradeable-Packages setting - Super User

Mentre no trobi una solució millor, el correu adreçat a root@localhost es reenviarà a sermnadmin@localhost i a miquel@sermn02.uab.cat:

# nano -c /etc/aliases

mailer-daemon: postmaster
postmaster: root
...
security: root
root: sermnadmin, miquel@sermn02.uab.cat

• How to Use Timeshift from Command Line in Linux - DEV Community
• Linux TimeShift for Backup Tutorial
• How to run Timeshift from command line - Ask Ubuntu